Concrete Slump Test Procedure Step 1 Firstly, the internal surface of the mould is cleaned carefully. Oil can be applied on the surface. Step 2 The mould is then placed on a base plate. The base plate should be clean, smooth, horizontal and non-porous. Step 3 The mould is filled with fresh concrete in three layers. Each layer is tamped 25 times with a steel rod. The diameter of this steel rod is 5 ⁄ 8 inch. The rod is rounded at the ends. The tamping should be done uniformly. Step 4 After filling the mould, excess concrete should be removed and the surface should be leveled. When the mould is filled with fresh concrete, the base of the mould is held firmly by handles. Step 5 Then the mould is lifted gently in the vertical direction and then unsupported concrete will slump. The decrease in height at the center point is measured to nearest 5mm or 0.25 inch and it is known as ‘slump’. Cautions Required During Concrete Slump Test To get the proper result, some cautions mu...
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IMPORTANT INFORMATION AND FORMULAS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS Steel = 7850kg/Cum Cement=1440kg/cum brick=1682kg/cum or 1920kg/cum sand=1100to 1600kg/cum WATER-1000kg/cum R.C.C-2500kg/cum (5% STEEL) P.C.C-2400kg/cum WOOD-1100kg/cum CRUSHED BRICK-950-1250kg/cum IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm. 2. Water absorption should not be more than 15 %. 3. Dimension tolerance for cubes + – 2 mm. 4. Lapping is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm. 5. Chair spacing maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per 1m 2 . 6. For dowels rod minimum of 12 mm diameter should be used. 7. Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used. 8. Longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S. 9. Minimum bars for square column is 4 No’s and 6 No’s...
HOW TO CALCULATE DEPTH OF FOUNDATION Deciding the right depth of foundation for a building structure is an important step in the process of building design. Information given in this post will help you decide the proper depth of foundation for a building. After reading this post you will be able to answer the following questions. § What is a foundation? § What are the factors affecting depth of foundation? § How to calculate depth of foundation? WHAT IS FOUNDATION? Foundation is that part of the structure which receives load of the superstructure and then transmits that load to soil underneath in such a manner so that the soil never fails in shear or never goes through excessive settlement of differential settlement. FACTORS AFFECTING DEPTH OF FOUNDATION Before calculating depth of shallow foundation, the following factors have to be considered well in advance. 1. Foundation should be placed at such a depth so that it is safe ...
De-Shuttering Of Formwork Or Formwork Removal Time In this Article I will show you that what is the formwork removal time Or De-shuttering of formwork in detail. Briefly explains the process required for de-shuttering of formwork as well as the time period to remove the formwork from column, walls, beam, slab, staircase, foundation footing etc. Removal of formwork: The timing of removal of formwork can depend on the rate of strength gain of the concrete. and we can remove the formwork with different days. (a) Vertical surfaces can be struck when the concrete is strong enough to resist the adhesion on the concrete/form face surface. (b) Soffits cannot be struck until the concrete has gained sufficient strength for the element to support is self weight for all or part of the structural span. It is possible to speed up the removal of much soffit formwork by removing a small part of the formwork and then installing props to this area. Another area of formwork can then be r...
THE UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY The UK construction industry is a unique, complex and often fragmented industry. Nevertheless, in 2008 the total turnover of the industry was £80 billion or the equivalent of 6% of the UK gross domestic product, making it an important contributor to the wealth of the nation. The industry employs approximately 182,000 contractors, 1.8 million people – a high percentage of which are self-employed – with a ratio of male to female of 7:1. The construction industry is defined in accordance with Division 45 of the Revised 2003 Standard Classifi cation to include the following: • General construction and demolition work: establishments engaged in building and civil engineering work not specialised to be classified elsewhere • Construction and repair of buildings: establishments engaged in construction, improvement and repair of both residential and nonresidential buildings, including specialists engaged in sections of construction and repair work such as brickl...
Achieving Effectiveness as a Young Civil Engineer Civil engineers spend four or more years in the institution being persuaded that if they solve the technical problems properly they will be rewarded with high grades.Not surprisingly, when they get to work, many civil engineers still expect that all they have to do to succeed is to apply effectively the technical and analytical skills they have been taught to the engineering assignments given to them. This is necessary, but not sufficient. Successful Civil Engineers learn to manage their careers with the same skill and care they apply to their technical assignments, and with a sufficient priority. Get Off to A Right Start In Civil Engineering education, you have to work hard to survive a demanding curriculum and to build an academic record you can be proud of. The chances are that you landed your first job because the employer came looking for you. Although, more or less than 10% of university graduates are engineers, they re...